When considering a future in Canada, many individuals aim to become either Permanent Residents (PRs) or Canadian Citizens. While both statuses allow individuals to live, work, and study in Canada, they have key differences that affect legal rights, responsibilities, and long-term residency. This article outlines the major distinctions between permanent residency and Canadian citizenship to help you understand your immigration options.
- What Is Permanent Residency in Canada?
Definition
A Permanent Resident (PR) is a foreign national who has been granted the legal right to reside in Canada indefinitely but is not yet a Canadian citizen. PRs must maintain their status by meeting residency requirements and adhering to Canadian laws.
Key Benefits of Permanent Residency
- Live, work, and study anywhere in Canada– PRs can work for any employer or start their own business.
- Access to social benefits– PRs are eligible for public healthcare and certain government programs.
- Pathway to Canadian citizenship– After meeting residency and other requirements, PRs can apply for citizenship.
- Protected status under Canadian law– PRs have rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Limitations of Permanent Residency
- Cannot vote or run for political office– PRs do not have the right to participate in federal, provincial, or municipal elections.
- Must meet residency requirements – PRs must live in Canada for at least 730 days (2 years) out of every 5 years to maintain their status.
- PR status can be revoked – If a PR fails to meet residency obligations or commits serious crimes, they could lose their status and face removal from Canada.
How to Become a Permanent Resident?
Individuals can obtain PR status through various immigration programs, such as:
- Express Entry (Federal Skilled Worker, Canadian Experience Class, Federal Skilled Trades)
- Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)
- Family Sponsorship
- Refugee and Humanitarian Programs
For a full list of PR programs, visit the Government of Canada Immigration Page.
- What Is Canadian Citizenship?
Definition
A Canadian citizen is an individual who has been granted full membership in the country, either by birth or naturalization (citizenship by application). Citizens have the highest legal status in Canada.
Key Benefits of Canadian Citizenship
- Right to vote and run for office– Citizens can participate in all levels of government elections.
- Canadian passport and global mobility– A Canadian passport allows visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 180 countries.
- No residency obligations– Unlike PRs, Canadian citizens do not need to meet residency requirements.
- Stronger protection against deportation– Citizens cannot lose their status due to criminal offenses or prolonged absence from Canada.
How to Become a Canadian Citizen?
To apply for Canadian citizenship, a PR must meet the following eligibility criteria (IRCC Citizenship Eligibility):
- Meet residency requirements– Must have physically lived in Canada for at least 1,095 days (3 years) out of the last 5 years.
- File taxes– Must have filed income tax returns for at least 3 years within the last 5 years.
- Pass a citizenship test– For applicants aged 18-54, covering Canada’s history, geography, and government.
- Prove English or French proficiency– Applicants aged 18-54 must demonstrate adequate language skills.
Once granted citizenship, applicants attend a citizenship ceremony, where they take the Oath of Citizenship and officially become Canadian.
Need Assistance?
For personalized guidance on obtaining permanent residency or applying for citizenship, Fridman and Company immigration law office is here to help. Contact us today at 204-944-8889 or email us at lawoffice@fridman.ca for expert advice on your pathway to Canada.
Official References & Resources
For more details on permanent residency and Canadian citizenship, refer to the official Government of Canada resources:
- Understand permanent resident status– Government of Canada
- Immigrate to Canada– Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC)
- Apply for Canadian Citizenship– IRCC Citizenship Guide
- Prepare for the citizenship test– Discover Canada
- Language Requirements for Citizenship – IRCC Official Page